Poland – The surge in energy prices began before the war in Ukraine, and this cannot be stressed enough. A little over a year ago, in early December 2021, Polish Prime Minister Mateusz Morawiecki justified the “anti-inflation shield” implemented by his government by…
Poland – Like the other countries of the former Eastern bloc, Poland long remained highly dependent on Russian hydrocarbons after the fall of communism (in 1989–90) and the departure of the last Russian troops (in September 1993), which ended five decades of…
To what extent is the drastic increase in energy prices directly due to Russia’s war, to what extent is it the result of European sanctions, and to what extent is it due to Russia’s actions aimed at weakening public support for Ukraine…