“This Could Power the Moon”: DARPA’s ‘Rads to Watts’ Project Converts Space Radiation Into Energy to Fuel Deep Space Missions

The unveiling of DARPA’s ambitious “Rads to Watts” program marks a significant leap in humanity’s quest to establish a lasting presence beyond Earth. This initiative, spearheaded by the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency, aims to revolutionize the way nuclear energy is converted into electricity, paving the way for sustainable power solutions on the Moon, Mars, and beyond. By focusing on radiovoltaics—solid-state devices that directly convert radiation into power—DARPA seeks to overcome the limitations of traditional nuclear power systems. This innovative approach promises to provide a continuous stream of power in power-starved conditions, crucial for deep space exploration and permanent off-world installations.

From Theory to Action: “Rads to Watts” A High-Risk, High-Reward Bet on Radiovoltaics

Nuclear power has long been considered the most viable option for sustaining operations in remote and extreme environments. Historically, systems like radioisotope thermoelectric generators (RTGs) have powered NASA missions, such as the Mars rovers and Voyager probes. These systems rely on thermal conversion processes, where decaying isotopes or fission reactions heat a material to generate power. However, these legacy methods are bulky, inefficient, and produce limited power output.

DARPA’s Rads to Watts program aims to leapfrog these limitations by developing compact, high-output energy systems that directly harvest energy from nuclear radiation. The program’s ultimate vision is to create radiovoltaics capable of converting high-power nuclear radiation into kilowatts of electrical energy. Such systems would require no moving parts, no fuel resupply, and minimal shielding, making them ideal for locations where a logistics supply chain does not exist, such as lunar and Martian environments.

This bold endeavor underscores DARPA’s commitment to advancing nuclear power technology, pushing the boundaries of what’s possible, and enabling new operating domains in space.

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DARPA’s Growing Nuclear-Powered Ambitions

The Rads to Watts program builds on DARPA’s earlier efforts to accelerate innovation in nuclear power systems. In August 2024, DARPA issued a Request for Information (RFI) expressing frustration with the slow pace of progress in the field. The agency challenged researchers to rethink nuclear power generation, exploring whether direct energy conversion from nuclear emissions could achieve high-power, long-duration outputs.

The RFI called for innovative approaches, such as using radiation-hardened materials and advanced semiconductor technologies, to develop systems capable of generating tens or hundreds of kilowatts. These systems would be compact and efficient enough to operate in the harsh conditions of space, where traditional power solutions fall short.

The Rads to Watts program is the culmination of these efforts, signaling DARPA’s intent to transition from exploration to execution. By fostering collaboration across academia, industry, and government, DARPA aims to develop radiovoltaics that can withstand extreme radiation environments and provide sustainable power for future space missions.

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The Core Challenge: High Power, High Efficiency, Long Life

While radiovoltaics, or “atomic batteries,” have been used in niche applications, scaling them for high-power output presents significant challenges. In high-fluence environments, materials degrade quickly, reducing efficiency and lifespan. DARPA’s Rads to Watts program addresses these issues by seeking solutions that ensure durability and performance over decades.

The agency’s call for information highlighted the need for novel materials and smart shielding strategies to manage radiation energy and maintain efficiency. By focusing on bandgap engineering and multijunction approaches, DARPA aims to overcome the limitations of current semiconductor technology and develop radiovoltaics that can operate in extreme conditions.

This ambitious endeavor has the potential to transform how humanity powers devices in space, enabling longer missions and expanding our reach into the cosmos.

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Strategic Implications: “Rads to Watts” Powering the Moon, Mars, and Beyond

The strategic implications of DARPA’s Rads to Watts program are profound. In space, power is a critical resource, and reliable energy solutions are essential for survival and success. On the Moon, where the two-week lunar night renders solar panels ineffective, a compact nuclear radiovoltaic system could provide continuous power for autonomous operations and habitat support.

On Mars, where dust storms can obscure solar panels for weeks, the advantages of nuclear power are even more pronounced. A sustainable power solution would enable longer missions, support life-support systems, and facilitate scientific exploration.

Beyond space exploration, the program has national security implications. As space becomes a contested domain, having untethered power in orbit is crucial for maintaining strategic advantages. Radiovoltaics could power uncrewed probes or enable persistent military and intelligence operations, enhancing the U.S. presence and resilience in space.

By investing in radiovoltaics, DARPA is laying the groundwork for energy independence in areas where national security and scientific exploration converge. This direction aligns with broader defense efforts to develop nuclear-powered systems for next-generation spacecraft, underscoring the strategic importance of advanced power solutions.

As DARPA moves forward with the Rads to Watts program, the agency is poised to reshape the future of space exploration and defense. By advancing radiovoltaic technology, DARPA is not only addressing current challenges but also opening new possibilities for human and robotic exploration. As researchers and industry partners collaborate to overcome technical hurdles, one question remains: How will these breakthroughs in nuclear power technology shape the next era of space exploration and geopolitical dynamics?

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