“These Reserves Could Power Humanity for Millennia”: China Unveils Colossal Underground Energy Find Said to Hold 60,000 Years’ Worth of Fuel for the World

In the rapidly evolving landscape of global energy, China’s recent announcement of discovering vast reserves of thorium has captured international attention. With claims of an energy supply that could last for tens of thousands of years, the implications of this find are profound. The significance of thorium, a lesser-known element, lies in its potential to revolutionize nuclear energy production, providing a cleaner and more efficient alternative to traditional uranium-based reactors. As China positions itself at the forefront of this technological advancement, the world watches closely, intrigued by the possibilities and challenges that lie ahead.

The Rise of Thorium: A New Era in Nuclear Energy

China’s journey into thorium-based nuclear energy began with the historic activation of its Thorium Molten Salt Reactor – Liquid Fuel 1 (TMSR-LF1) in October 2023. This marked a pivotal moment, being the first successful operation of such a reactor since the 1960s experiments at Oak Ridge, USA. By June 2024, the reactor reached its full capacity of 2 megawatts thermal (MWth), showcasing the viability of thorium as a sustainable energy source. This development represents a significant leap from traditional nuclear technology, offering enhanced safety and reduced nuclear waste.

Building on this momentum, China is ambitiously expanding its thorium program. A larger 10 MWth demonstrator is already under construction as of early 2025, and plans for commercial small modular reactors (SMRs) of 100 megawatts electric (MWe) are set for 2030. Furthermore, the design of a giant cargo ship, the KUN-24P, powered by these reactors, is underway. These initiatives underscore China’s commitment to leading the charge in thorium technology, potentially setting new standards in the global energy sector.

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Unveiling the Abundant Thorium Reserves

China’s thorium reserves, key to this energy revolution, are reportedly vast and largely untapped. According to a report from the South China Morning Post in February 2025, a comprehensive inventory revealed substantial thorium deposits scattered across 233 sites from Xinjiang in the west to Guangdong on the eastern coast. Remarkably, this study highlights the potential of extracting thorium from mining waste, a resource often overlooked.

Among the most promising sites is the Bayan Obo mining complex, renowned for rare earth production. Here, estimates suggest the presence of enough thorium to power China for over 60,000 years. Such figures are both staggering and indicative of a paradigm shift in how we perceive and utilize our natural resources. However, while these reserves are promising, the feasibility of their extraction and the economic implications remain subjects of further scrutiny.

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Challenges and Opportunities in Thorium Utilization

Despite the optimistic projections, several challenges accompany the adoption of thorium as a primary energy source. The extraction and processing of thorium, although potentially lucrative, require significant technological and financial investments. Moreover, the development of infrastructure for thorium-based reactors is in its nascent stages, necessitating breakthroughs in engineering and operational safety standards.

Nonetheless, the potential benefits are immense. Thorium reactors promise reduced nuclear waste and enhanced safety due to their inherent design, which minimizes the risk of catastrophic failures. This positions thorium as a viable alternative to conventional nuclear power, with the added advantage of abundant fuel supply. As such, China’s advancements could spur a global reevaluation of nuclear energy policies and practices, paving the way for more sustainable and secure energy futures.

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Global Implications and the Path Forward

China’s pursuit of thorium technology is likely to have far-reaching implications, both geopolitically and environmentally. As other nations observe China’s progress, there may be increased interest in developing similar capabilities, potentially leading to international collaborations or competitions in nuclear innovation. Moreover, the environmental benefits of thorium, including lower carbon emissions and less hazardous waste, align with global efforts to combat climate change.

As we stand on the brink of this potential energy renaissance, questions remain about the pace and scale of thorium adoption worldwide. Will China’s lead inspire other countries to follow suit, or will challenges in technology and policy slow the progress? The answers to these questions will shape the future of energy in the 21st century, as nations seek sustainable solutions to their growing power needs.

As China continues to forge ahead with its thorium ambitions, the world is left to ponder the possibilities and challenges of this promising energy source. Will thorium be the key to unlocking a new era of sustainable energy, or will unforeseen obstacles hinder its widespread adoption? The future of global energy may well hinge on the answers to these questions.

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